In a series of prior blog posts, we previously highlighted the historic implications of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) for the U.S.’s international climate commitments, as well as for private companies navigating the energy transition.  Shortly after our series published, the Senate passed the IRA on Sunday August 7th with only minor modifications to the bill’s $369 billion in climate and clean energy spending.  Today, the House passed the IRA without any further changes, and soon hereafter President Biden is expected to sign it into law. 

However, this is only the beginning of the road; the IRA will have sweeping implications beyond the four corners of its pages.  In the coming months and years, we expect to see intense jockeying over agency rulemakings that will shape the IRA’s implementation, as well as determine its ultimate success as an energy policy.  

I. Congressional Permitting Reform

As an initial matter, it seems Congress has not finished its work revamping the nation’s climate and energy laws.  As part of his agreement to support the IRA, Senator Joe Manchin (D-WV) announced that “President Biden, Leader Schumer and Speaker Pelosi have committed to advancing a suite of commonsense permitting reforms this fall that will ensure all energy infrastructure, from transmission to pipelines and export facilities, can be efficiently and responsibly built to deliver energy safely around the country and to our allies.”  While the exact contours of this legislation are not currently known, Senator Manchin’s office recently released a legislative framework, which includes proposals to, among other things:

  • tighten environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA);
  • clarify the permitting and regulatory authorities of the Department of Energy and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission;
  • reform Clean Water Act provisions that allow state and local governments to impose additional requirements on federal permits; and
  • create a list of strategically important energy projects, that the President can designate and periodically update, for streamlined permitting reviews.

According to Senator Manchin’s office, permitting reform will receive a vote before the end of the fiscal year on September 30, 2022.  Unlike the Inflation Reduction Act, which passed through arcane rules of reconciliation—and thus required only a simple majority—permitting reform will be subject to the Senate filibuster and require the support of at least 60 senators (and bipartisan agreement) to become law.  At the moment, it is unclear whether broad bipartisan support exists for this measure; some Republicans have publicly signaled skepticism, and environmental activists have long opposed expedited fossil fuel permitting.  However, in the past Republican Senators have expressed an interest in speeding the nation’s permitting system.  During this Congress, a bipartisan group of Senators introduced a law to accelerate infrastructure permitting, and all Republicans and Senator Manchin supported a resolution to disapprove of recent revisions to NEPA.  Together, these actions suggest there may be some interest within the Republican caucus in implementing meaningful changes to current law, partisan divisions notwithstanding.

II. Guidance for Key Tax Provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act

Additionally, there are several portions of the IRA itself that will be clarified and implemented through administrative guidance and in rulemaking processes over the coming months.  For the purposes of this post, we’ve keyed in on three issues to watch: the interpretation of electric vehicle supply chain requirements; compliance measures for wage, apprenticeship, and domestic content requirements; and the method of greenhouse gas emissions accounting for new tax credits.

As highlighted in an earlier Inside Energy & Environment post, beginning in 2023, the IRA only provides tax credits for electric vehicles sold to consumers that meet strict critical mineral and battery sourcing requirements; these requirements do not apply to credits for commercial electric vehicles.  Specifically, the law requires a certain “percentage of the value” of the electric battery components to be “manufactured or assembled in North America,” with applicable percentages varying by year.  It also requires a certain “percentage of the value” of the critical minerals contained in the batteries to be “extracted or processed” in the United States or in any country with which the U.S. has a free trade agreement.  IRA § 13401(e).  Given the current state of the electric vehicle supply chain, many automobile manufacturers are expected to have difficulty meeting these sourcing requirements.  

However, key features of these clean vehicle credits have yet to take shape.  By the end of this year, the IRA requires the Treasury Department to issue regulatory guidance to help shape and administer the battery and mineral sourcing requirements.  Id.  Among the questions open for interpretation are acceptable methods for calculating the “percentage of the value” for critical mineral and battery components, as well as better defining the terms “manufacture or assembly” and “extraction or processing.”  How Treasury addresses these points will have significant ramifications for the short- and medium- term value of the clean vehicle credits.

A much broader set of IRA tax credits seek to promote investment in, and use of, clean electricity, but their value depends on the interpretation of key labor and domestic content requirements.  As currently structured, the IRA extends and modifies the Investment Tax Credit and Production Tax Credits that apply to certain renewable sources of power through the end of 2024.  Id. §§ 13101, 13102.  Beginning in 2025, similar projects will also be eligible for a new technology-neutral Clean Electricity Production Credit and a Clean Electricity Investment Credit, which apply to any domestically produced electricity source with a greenhouse gas emissions rate of zero.  Id. §§ 13701, 13702.  These credits, and others throughout the IRA, are keyed to the satisfaction of prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements. 

Specifically, if these wage and apprenticeship requirements are not satisfied the credits are worth five times less than they otherwise would be.  Additionally, the IRA creates a 10% “domestic content bonus” when facilities certify that certain percentages of steel, iron, and other manufactured products used in the facility are made in America, and further increases the value of the credit for projects located in “energy communities,” i.e. brownfield sites or economically distressed sites of former fossil fuel production.  The interpretation and application of these provisions will dramatically affect the value of available government support.  Future clean energy projects must take care to ensure proper documentation and compliance with these provisions.   Finally, many IRA tax credits are pegged to a demonstration of the life-cycle emissions of the underlying facility or fuel.  For instance, the value of the clean hydrogen credit varies based on the project’s “lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions rate.”  On the high end, a 100% credit value is awarded to projects with a lifecycle emissions rate of less than .45 kilograms (kgs) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), but on the low end, projects only receive 20% of the credit value if their emissions rate is between 4 and 2.5 kgs of CO2e.  Id.  § 13204.  Additionally, the availability of the new credit for sustainable aviation fuels depends on a certification that the applicable fuels achieve at least a 50% life cycle greenhouse gas reduction percentage compared to petroleum-based jet fuel; that fuel’s project can then earn an additional credit for each additional percentage of lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions reductions.  Id.§ 13203.  Properly measuring, and verifying lifecycle emissions will determine a project’s eligibility for these credits, along with its ultimate value.  This exponential increase in the economic significance of accounting for greenhouse gas emissions will bring much greater scrutiny to what are currently arcane and insufficiently standardized greenhouse gas accounting rules.

III. Closing Thoughts

The full implications of the IRA are yet to be understood.  The law is likely to have significant implications for our energy future, leading to sharp growth in the nation’s clean energy production and a decline in national greenhouse gas emissions.  Though we have laid out some initial consequences, there are undoubtedly many more interpretive questions that will arise in the coming weeks, months, and years.  Additionally, by subsidizing and lowering the costs of clean electricity and other low-emissions technology, the IRA could improve the benefit-cost analysis for a variety of environmental regulations, leading to more stringent and durable rules.  Further, by bolstering the domestic energy industry, the IRA could alter the political economy of climate policy, creating a broader base of support for future government investments in  clean energy production or greenhouse gas curtailment.  Regardless of how this future unfolds, it will surely be a dynamic time for energy and environmental law and policy.

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Photo of W. Andrew Jack W. Andrew Jack

Andy Jack is a broad gauge corporate and securities lawyer who leads multidisciplinary teams to help clients achieve complex business objectives and solve complex business problems.

Andy often serves in outside general counsel or senior strategist roles working closely on strategic matters with…

Andy Jack is a broad gauge corporate and securities lawyer who leads multidisciplinary teams to help clients achieve complex business objectives and solve complex business problems.

Andy often serves in outside general counsel or senior strategist roles working closely on strategic matters with C-suites and boards. His practice spans mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures, venture capital, capital markets, securities compliance, corporate governance counseling, crisis management and dispute settlements.

With deep experience in the energy, diversified industrials, transportation, technology, sports and hospitality industries, much of Andy’s recent transactional and advisory work focuses on issues arising from global sustainability trends and ESG considerations, including the energy transition, vehicle electrification and advanced mobility.

Some examples of this trending work include:

  • Energy
    • Structuring and negotiating joint ventures to produce sustainable aviation fuels and to develop and deploy shared resources to respond to offshore well blowouts.
    • Advising on a carbon capture project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
    • M&A, finance, capital raising and commercial projects for solar PV panel suppliers.
    • Representing corporate offtakers in virtual power purchase agreements to procure renewable energy in support of wind and solar power projects.
    • Advising on U.S. public policy matters affecting the energy transition.
  • Vehicle Electrification and Advanced Mobility
    • A capital markets transaction for an industry leader in advanced mobility.
    • Multiple venture capital financing rounds for an electric truck manufacturer.
    • Joint venture restructuring and M&A transactions for EV battery manufacturers.
    • Collaboration agreements among vehicle electrification technology providers and OEMs.
    • M&A of advanced vehicle components suppliers and engineering service providers.
  • Other industries
    • Advising on board governance structures to address ESG and Sustainability oversight.
    • Assisting clients in developing voluntary sustainability reports and improving SEC reports and proxy statements to address these topics.
    • Responding to shareholder proposals on various ESG issues.

Andy co-chairs the firm’s multidisciplinary global Energy Industry Group and multidisciplinary Sustainability Solutions Initiative. He also serves as pro bono outside general counsel to the American Council on Renewable Energy and as a member of the World Resources Institute Global Leadership Council. With this background and experience, Andy frequently speaks at industry conferences and publishes on these topics. He also serves as an editor of the firm’s Inside Energy & Environment blog

He is Chambers-ranked in Corporate M&A & Private Equity, where clients report that Andy “gives practical advice with commercially reasonable solutions to problems.” He also has been ranked in Legal 500, both for Energy – Renewable/Alternative and Mergers & Acquisitions.

Photo of Carol Browner Carol Browner

Carol M. Browner brings nearly four decades of experience advising on environmental and energy policies affecting global energy, environmental, public health, and business matters.

She provides counsel to industry leaders in the energy, transportation, and consumer product sectors on regulatory matters, environmental impact…

Carol M. Browner brings nearly four decades of experience advising on environmental and energy policies affecting global energy, environmental, public health, and business matters.

She provides counsel to industry leaders in the energy, transportation, and consumer product sectors on regulatory matters, environmental impact issues, corporate sustainability approaches, and strategic partnership development to advance clean energy, ESG, and other business priorities.

Carol joins the firm after serving as Senior Counselor in the Sustainability practice of the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm.

Carol served as Assistant to President Barack Obama and Director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy, where she oversaw the coordination of environmental, energy, climate, transport, and related policy across the U.S. federal government. During her tenure, the White House secured the largest investment ever in clean energy and established the national car policy that included both new automobile fuel efficiency standards and first ever greenhouse gas reduction standards.

Carol is the longest serving Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. As Administrator, she adopted the most stringent air pollution standards in U.S. history; set the first fine particle clean air standard; and spearheaded the reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act as well as the Food Quality Protection Act. Carol was known for working with both environmentalists and industry to set science-based public health protections while providing businesses important flexibilities in how to meet those standards. She worked across the agency to ensure a focus on protecting vulnerable populations and promote environmental equity.

Additionally, Carol serves on a number of boards of directors advising on environmental and energy issues, including as Chair of the Board of the League of Conservation Voters, as Chair of the Sustainability Committee of the Board of Directors for Bunge Limited, and as a Board Member of Innovyze.

Photo of Martin Levy Martin Levy

Martin Levy is an associate in the firm’s Washington’s office. He works in the Environmental and Energy Practice Group and the Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) Practice.

Martin has a particular focus on regulatory and financial incentives for low-carbon and renewable energy, and…

Martin Levy is an associate in the firm’s Washington’s office. He works in the Environmental and Energy Practice Group and the Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) Practice.

Martin has a particular focus on regulatory and financial incentives for low-carbon and renewable energy, and on the consideration of climate-risk in financial decision-making. He advises power generators, technology companies, and financial institutions on how to better align their business practices with “net zero” commitments. Martin also helps manage the firm’s Inside Energy & Environment blog.

Before joining Covington, Martin was a vetting attorney with the Biden-Harris Presidential Transition, a law clerk at the Eastern District of New York, and an undergraduate environmental law instructor at Boston College.